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Communicable Diseases Agency

Rubella

Rubella, also known as German measles, is a contagious disease caused by the rubella virus that typically affects children.

Last updated 7 November 2025

What is rubella?

Rubella, also known as German measles, is a contagious disease caused by the rubella virus that typically affects children.

How is rubella transmitted?

Rubella is primarily transmitted through inhalation or direct deposition of infectious respiratory particles when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also be transmitted via contact with contaminated surfaces such as when a person touches these contaminated surfaces and then touches their eyes, nose or mouth.

The incubation period is typically 14 to 17 days, ranging from 14 to 21 days.

What are the symptoms of rubella?

Most cases of rubella are mild and self-resolving. Symptoms may include:

  • Rash

  • Low grade fever

  • Fatigue

  • Poor appetite

  • Headache

  • Muscle aches

  • Swollen lymph nodes and glands in the head and neck

Rubella infection can lead to complications, including arthritis (joint pain), brain infections and bleeding problems. In unvaccinated pregnant women, the infection poses greater risk. An infection may cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or serious birth defects in the developing baby, known as Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS).

What are the risk factors?

Risk factors include:

  • Persons who are partially vaccinated or unvaccinated against rubella

  • Persons with weakened immune systems

  • Persons travelling or living in areas with ongoing transmission or outbreaks

How is rubella treated?

Treatment focuses on managing and relieving the symptoms of the disease.

How to prevent rubella?

Vaccination is the most effective preventive measure for rubella. The measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine is recommended under the National Childhood Immunisation Schedule (NCIS) and National Adult Immunisation Schedule (NAIS).

Other preventive measures include:

  • Practise good personal hygiene at all times.

  • Wash your hands regularly with soap, especially before handling food or eating, after going to the toilet, or when hands are dirty from coughing or sneezing.

  • Avoid touching your face, including eyes, nose and mouth with unwashed hands.

  • Avoid sharing of food/drinks or eating utensils.

  • Wear a mask and seeking medical attention promptly when unwell.

Please refer to Health advice for travellers for additional precautions to take when travelling.